Rhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King s Speech

As we have been discussing, rhetorical analysis asks us to look not only at what a text says, or the meaning of the text, but also at how that meaning is created in the text. For this assignment, I want to challenge you to not just analyze the â€Å"ethos, pathos, and logos† of a text, but to delve deeply into how the text moves us to identify with its message, and to think, feel, or act in a specific way. One of the reason why this text became the most popular text of our century. First of the speaker Martin Luther King Junior deliver his how he delivered his speech in a majestic way is a preacher of the Southern Southern Christian Leadership Conference, (Martin Luther King, Jr.) BIOGRAPHY, familiar with public speeches â€Å"I have a dream†:†¦show more content†¦Is the audience likely to agree or disagree with the author? Will readers of the work be likely to agree or disagree with each other? Does the author try to appeal to certain values the audience may hold, and what are those values? Martin Luther King used What types of appeals does the author use (pathos, ethos, logos)? Does the author appeal to the audience by using emotional messages (pathos) or by conveying trustworthiness and authority (ethos)? This can include using reliable sources. Or does the author present facts and statistics (logos)? The author may use a combination of appeals. Provide specific examples from the work to support your remarks in this paragraph He included the black people as a whole â€Å"But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking fro m the cup of bitterness and hatred†, The White people that are that understand equality must now occur â€Å"for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny† And White people that don’t recognize the worth of the civil right† There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights,† Thu the United stated is divided so everybody is aware of the situation. Evaluate theShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King s Speech1018 Words   |  5 PagesOn August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. stood in front of hundreds of thousands of people on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial and delivered his influential â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. King, a significant figure in the Civil Rights Movement, ignited activists across the nation that day as he encouraged and inspired his supporters to protest the injustice African-Americans experienced in their environment. Dr. King’s speech, efficacious for the use of rhetorical devices to demonstrate the necessityRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.s I Have A Dream Speech915 Words   |  4 Pages Dr. Martin Luther King delivered his I Have a Dream speech to the thousands of African Americans who had marched on Washington, D.C. at the height of the Civil Rights Movement. The date of the speech was August 28, 1963, but it is one that will live for generations. Of course his purpose was to convince his audience on several fronts: he sought to persuade the black community to stand up for the rights afforded them under the Constitution, and he also sought to Read MoreThe Fight for Freedom1312 Words   |  6 Pagesthe late 1950’s though the 1960’s, however; Tricia Andryszewski informs her readers that Black Americans had been working for change since before the civil war, but mainly beyond. Some of the most prominent civil rights leaders include Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Philip Randolph, and Bayard Rustin. The two main goals of the civil rights activists being, equal rights and treatment for all races. As a result, the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was written by Martin Luther King, Jr., a manRead MoreAnalysis of Martin Luther King ´s Speech: I Have a Dream1309 Words   |  6 Pagesthe late 1950’s through the 1960’s, however; Tricia Andryszewski informs her readers that Black Americans had been working for change since before the civil war, but mainly beyond. Some of the most prominent civil rights leaders include Mart in Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Philip Randolph, and Bayard Rustin. The two main goals of the civil rights activists being, equal rights and treatment for all races. As a result, the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was written by Martin Luther King, Jr., a manRead MoreEssay on Martin Luther King Rhetorical Analysis1420 Words   |  6 PagesDreaming About Freedom Martin Luther King Jr.s I Have a Dream speech is one of the most successful and most legendary speeches in United States history. Martin Luther King Jr. was a masterful speaker, who established a strong command of rhetorical strategies. By his eloquent use of ethos, logos, and pathos, as well as his command of presentation skills and rhetorical devices, King was able to persuade his generation that the Negro is not free (King 1). His speech became the rallying cry forRead MoreEssay on Critical Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.s Speech1674 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.s Speech Introduction In this critical analysis I am going to look at Martin Luther King, Jr and the I have a dream speech. Martin Luther King, Jr is very distinguished due to the many outstanding achievements he accomplished throughout his life. He was an American clergyman and he accomplished the Nobel Prize for one of the principal leaders of the American civil rights movement. Kings defiance to segregation andRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.1046 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis Essay Civil rights activist, Martin Luther King Jr. gave his memorable â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech while standing at the feet of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. His uplifting speech is one of the most admired during the civil rights era and arguably one of the best in American history. On August 28th, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. spoke about the true American dream: equality. Although the video of his oral spectacle is powerful, the written document portrays exactly howRead MoreEssay on The Kings Dream1588 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement in the 1950’s through 1960’s had many leaders, such as Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcom X and many more. But King was the only one who stood out of the pack. His purpose was to have equality for all races, not just African Americans. King had addressed a speech that he had written and spoke of it at the Lincoln memorial in Washington D.C on August 28, 1963. In King’s â€Å"I Have a Dreamâ €  he motivated and touched not only African Americans but white folks as well inRead MoreUse And Manipulation Of The English Language1394 Words   |  6 Pagesfreedom of speech is taken away, then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughter† (qtd. in Lindenbaum). This famous quote is an excellent interpretation of one of the most pivotal acts of a distinguished leader, Martin Luther King Jr. On August 28, 1963, MLK presented one of the most iconic speeches in the world to call an end to racism (Carson). However, what makes â€Å"I Have A Dream† such a momentous speech that continues to inspire movements and rebellions? Martin Luther King Jr.’s knowledgeRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesA civil rights leader by the name of Reverend (PBS, 2016) Martin Luther King Jr. changed the world he occupied and changed the future course of the United States of America by advocating for desegregation . Martin Luther King Junior was on a mission to end the segregation of the African American community. Segregation was the post result of slavery throughout the United States of America which enslaved Africans. He challenged the status quo of the time. Protesting peacefully and advocating for social Rhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King s Speech On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. stood in front of hundreds of thousands of people on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial and delivered his influential â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. King, a significant figure in the Civil Rights Movement, ignited activists across the nation that day as he encouraged and inspired his supporters to protest the injustice African-Americans experienced in their environment. Dr. King’s speech, efficacious for the use of rhetorical devices to demonstrate the necessity of racial equality to his audience, helped shape American society’s view and treatment of black people. King desired a world in which African-Americans were not denied basic human rights; he believed, like the Declaration of Independence stated, â€Å"†¦all men are created equal† so an entire race should not be excluded from receiving the same freedom and justice provided to each white person. His speech emphasized that all people deserve to live in a world free of discrimination, a world where the color of a person’s skin does not dictate the way they are treated. King’s ambition was to motivate his fellow African-Americans as well as white supporters in the fight against oppression and segregation and to do it now. In his speech King stresses â€Å"†¦the fierce urgency of now,† because African-Americans equality cannot be delayed. He wrote the speech as a call to action for American citizens; he began it by highlighting the racial injustice they encountered and how, despite the EmancipationShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King s Speech1460 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscussing, rhetorical analysis asks us to look not only at what a text says, or the meaning of the text, but also at how that meaning is created in the text. For this assignment, I want to challenge you to not just analyze the â€Å"ethos, pathos, and logos† of a text, but to delve deeply into how the text moves us to identify with its message, and to think, feel, or act in a specific way. One of the reason why this text became the most popular text of our century. First of the speaker Martin Luther KingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.s I Have A Dream Speech915 Words   |  4 Pages Dr. Martin Luther King delivered his I Have a Dream speech to the thousands of African Americans who had marched on Washington, D.C. at the height of the Civil Rights Movement. The date of the speech was August 28, 1963, but it is one that will live for generations. Of course his purpose was to convince his audience on several fronts: he sought to persuade the black community to stand up for the rights afforded them under the Constitution, and he also sought to Read MoreThe Fight for Freedom1312 Words   |  6 Pagesthe late 1950’s though the 1960’s, however; Tricia Andryszewski informs her readers that Black Americans had been working for change since before the civil war, but mainly beyond. Some of the most prominent civil rights leaders include Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Philip Randolph, and Bayard Rustin. The two main goals of the civil rights activists being, equal rights and treatment for all races. As a result, the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was written by Martin Luther King, Jr., a manRead MoreAnalysis of Martin Luther King ´s Speech: I Have a Dream1309 Words   |  6 Pagesthe late 1950’s through the 1960’s, however; Tricia Andryszewski informs her readers that Black Americans had been working for change since before the civil war, but mainly beyond. Some of the most prominent civil rights leaders include Mart in Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Philip Randolph, and Bayard Rustin. The two main goals of the civil rights activists being, equal rights and treatment for all races. As a result, the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was written by Martin Luther King, Jr., a manRead MoreEssay on Martin Luther King Rhetorical Analysis1420 Words   |  6 PagesDreaming About Freedom Martin Luther King Jr.s I Have a Dream speech is one of the most successful and most legendary speeches in United States history. Martin Luther King Jr. was a masterful speaker, who established a strong command of rhetorical strategies. By his eloquent use of ethos, logos, and pathos, as well as his command of presentation skills and rhetorical devices, King was able to persuade his generation that the Negro is not free (King 1). His speech became the rallying cry forRead MoreEssay on Critical Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.s Speech1674 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.s Speech Introduction In this critical analysis I am going to look at Martin Luther King, Jr and the I have a dream speech. Martin Luther King, Jr is very distinguished due to the many outstanding achievements he accomplished throughout his life. He was an American clergyman and he accomplished the Nobel Prize for one of the principal leaders of the American civil rights movement. Kings defiance to segregation andRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.1046 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis Essay Civil rights activist, Martin Luther King Jr. gave his memorable â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech while standing at the feet of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. His uplifting speech is one of the most admired during the civil rights era and arguably one of the best in American history. On August 28th, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. spoke about the true American dream: equality. Although the video of his oral spectacle is powerful, the written document portrays exactly howRead MoreEssay on The Kings Dream1588 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement in the 1950’s through 1960’s had many leaders, such as Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcom X and many more. But King was the only one who stood out of the pack. His purpose was to have equality for all races, not just African Americans. King had addressed a speech that he had written and spoke of it at the Lincoln memorial in Washington D.C on August 28, 1963. In King’s â€Å"I Have a Dreamâ €  he motivated and touched not only African Americans but white folks as well inRead MoreUse And Manipulation Of The English Language1394 Words   |  6 Pagesfreedom of speech is taken away, then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughter† (qtd. in Lindenbaum). This famous quote is an excellent interpretation of one of the most pivotal acts of a distinguished leader, Martin Luther King Jr. On August 28, 1963, MLK presented one of the most iconic speeches in the world to call an end to racism (Carson). However, what makes â€Å"I Have A Dream† such a momentous speech that continues to inspire movements and rebellions? Martin Luther King Jr.’s knowledgeRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesA civil rights leader by the name of Reverend (PBS, 2016) Martin Luther King Jr. changed the world he occupied and changed the future course of the United States of America by advocating for desegregation . Martin Luther King Junior was on a mission to end the segregation of the African American community. Segregation was the post result of slavery throughout the United States of America which enslaved Africans. He challenged the status quo of the time. Protesting peacefully and advocating for social

Is Diotima A Man Not A Woman - 1925 Words

Most people believe the argument that Diotima is a woman is true solely because she is not a man. However, I find that there are other arguments that are capable of proving that Diotima is indeed a man, not a woman. To be able to explain my theory in an understandable manner, I must clearly illustrate gender roles in Ancient Greece. When it comes to women’s roles in Ancient Greece, it is safe to conclude that they were simply a symbol of inferiority when compared to men. I’ll list a few things women were not legally able to do: inherit property, appear in court, or give evidence under oath. As a matter of fact, women were not even able to commit the majority of the crimes in Ancient Greece because they were barely ever found in public. And if there happened to be an issue within the family, it was handled either by the father or the husband because they were the legal guardians of women. Boys went to school earlier than girls, because this society felt that men are the intellectuals. Domestically, women were to nurture their children. Now, let’s compare this to the role of men in Ancient Greece. Men came home from work and lay on their couches as they were fed and entertained. They were given utmost respect in the house and in their society for they were deemed to be most important. This is all part of misogyny that is well grounded in Ancient Greece. With this background, I argue that Diotima is not a woman because the likeliness of the men to listen to her in this societyShow MoreRelated Why is Diotima a woman? Essay examples805 Words   |  4 Pages Diotima, Socrates great teacher from the Symposium, a work by Plato was one of the most influential women thinkers of all time, whether she was a real person or a literary fictional character. She related to Socrates the theory of love that he described to the partygoers at Agathons banquet, a celebration of Agathons victory at the competition of Dionysis in Athens and of Eros. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Before we search for the idea of why Diotima is a woman, we should first discuss a littleRead MoreWhy Is Diotima a Woman? Essay825 Words   |  4 PagesDiotima, Socrates great teacher from the Symposium, a work by Plato was one of the most influential women thinkers of all time, whether she was a real person or a literary fictional character. She related to Socrates the theory of love that he described to the partygoers at Agathons banquet, a celebration of Agathons victory at the competition of Dionysis in Athens and of Eros. Before we search for the idea of why Diotima is a woman, we should first discuss a little about her. We know thatRead MoreDescartes s Theory Of Love885 Words   |  4 Pagesladder of love, and how it came about in the Symposium by Plato. It was Socrates who retold Diotima’s speech, the only viewpoint from a woman throughout the novel, at the Symposium. Diotima begins her speech by stating that love is a desire and lovers, love what is good forever. Diotima proposes that in order to pursue love, you must impregnate the mind. Diotima acknowledges that both men and women can be impregnated either within the body or within the soul. Reproduction is only recognized as beautifulRead MoreLove in Platos Symposium1227 Words   |  5 Pagespoints on their definitions on love, it is a woman that makes the best definition be known. I will concentrate on the difference between the theory of Common and Heavenly love brought up by Pausanias and the important role that Diotima plays in the symposium. Pausanias brings up an excellent way to think about Love. He explains that love can be broken down into two types, that of Common and Heavenly love. The common love is that when a man and a woman join merely to satisfy their sexual desiresRead MoreSocrates and Love Essay912 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Symposium, written by Plato, Socrates and others engage in a dialogue in the home of Agathon on love. Instead of singing the honours (94) of love like the other participants, Socrates uses a retelling of a discussion that he had with a woman named Diotima to tell the audience of what he perceives to be the truth of love. He first speaks to Agathon in order to be on the same wavelength with him. Socrates asks Agathon a series of questions - which leads to Agathon being thoroughly confusedRead MorePlato s Symposium, By Plato1273 Words   |  6 Pagesaffects everything in the universe and that it should be protected, next we have Aristophanes, who states that the reason why love is on earth is because god has split humanity in half and that man should fear the gods and should embrace love to feel whole again, and last we have Socrates who suggests what Diotima explains that love is in the middle of two things or objects and has both characteristics. Phaedrus starts off the conversation of love stating how the god Love doesn’t get much attentionRead MoreLove Is Characterized By Oedipus The King And Diotima s Definition Of Love1221 Words   |  5 Pagesunderestimated reasons of Love. Despite having different occupations, they all seem to agree on their views of love except for Socrates. Socrates communicates that Love is a god, and then decides to add that he came to his conclusion with the help of a woman named Diotima. Although their views of love are similar, they are also different and can be seen through another philosopher’s stories; Antigone and Oedipus. Socrates’ definition of love is characterized by Oedipus the King and Diotima’s definition of loveRead MoreComparison And Contrast Of The Understanding Of Love1576 Words   |  7 Pagesshe opposes and rebels unlike the other women of the time. In fact, Creon the ruler acknowledges that Antigone is rebellious and says â€Å"We must defend the men who live by law, never let some woman triumph over us. Better to fall from power, if fall we must, at the hand of man-never be rated inferior to a woman, never.’’ (Antigone, Pg. 94, 755-760). Antigone is not only madly open about her idiosyncratic beliefs but also takes part in living by those beliefs. This makes her make harsh and confidentRead More Platos Symposium analysis Essay3265 Words   |  14 Pagesto, and that was to question the world around them. One of the most famous philosophers in the Greek period around 416 B.C. was a man named Socrates. Socrates was student of the Diotima which taught him things about love, ignorance, wisdom and right opinion, which he rehearses to the people attending the dinner of Agathon’s. We will first start by analyzing what Diotima has said about the four cognitive functions, which are: wisdom, understanding, right opinion and ignorance. She asks Socrates â€Å"doRead MoreSocrates On The Nature Of Death Before His Execution1884 Words   |  8 Pagesspan of eternity. In his fourth argument, Socrates elaborates on the Theory of Forms. A Form is unlike anything seen in the physical world, it is perfect and has no opposite. The Form of Beauty does not contain ugly/not beauty. He says a beautiful woman person could be considered beautiful to other humans, but would not be considered beautiful to a god and is ultimately not perfect (Grube 69). Socrates implies that is is the soul what truly drives us. He suggests that the soul is deeply entwined with

Marketing and Communication Managing Sales Force

Question: 1. Identify and explain the marketing concept, the marketing mix and the components of the marketing communications mix. 2. Explain the relationship between the marketing environment, its impact upon organisational decision making and consumer behaviour. 3. Discuss the factors that determine competitive advantage within organisations 4. Explain key theories, concepts and models underpinning business communication to create effective communications. 5. Examine and discuss organisational issues and challenges that impact on the effectiveness of business communication through the use of pre-defined criteria to assist in improving communication within the organisation. 6. Demonstrate an application of concepts and techniques related to business communication processes used within the workplace. Answer: Introduction Any business organization exists to provide some goods or services to people. But there are many sellers of products in the market. There are different kinds of items being sold. The demand of a product fluctuates over a period of time. There are some organizations which are able to sell more than others. There is competition in the market. In order to be able to sell more, an organization should have a marketing plan. This plan provides guidance to the employees regarding how to carry out their marketing activities in the best possible way (Baker and Saren, 2010). The marketing plan of an organization can differ from that of another enterprise. The product sold by one firm can be different than that sold by other. Similarly the promotion efforts can also be distinct. An organization can charge more for its product than others. All these decisions regarding the marketing mix components affect the performance of an organization. The more an organization can sell, the more are the prof its and revenues. A business is also judged by the amount of money it can generate through its activities. For the business to operate efficiently, things should happen according to the plans. This is ensured through control (Ahearne et al., 2010). Situation Analysis Cancer Research United Kingdom is a leading institution for research relating to the cure of cancer. It is a charitable institution which does not receive any grant from the government of United Kingdom. This institution is run by the funds donated by people of United Kingdom. In order to get money from the common people, the enterprise has to win their trust. PESTLE and SWOT are important framework to analysis the situation in which this organization is. Political environment is stable and democratic in UK; though there is slow growth in the economy but there are stability in the economic policies of the government. Usage of information technologies and social media is increasing. Legal process of the country is effective along with the well place and formulated environmental laws.With Regard to SWOT; One of the strengths of the organization has been that it has won the confidence of the people through its commendable work and transparent dealings. The enterprise can make people kno w about its track record and collect donations from more people. There are still many people with good incomes who have not started donating. Such people should be approached by the enterprise. Society has been changing. People have become aware that there is the need to fight collectively against a serious disease like cancer. There is more pressure on the government to support research for finding cure of cancer. The organization is also engaged in the work of creating awareness among people about cancer (Cancer Research UK, 2016). It is the effort of this enterprise to prevent this disease from happening by distributing information about how people should lead a healthy life by staying away from smoking, alcohol and other forms of tobacco that leads to cancer. It becomes clear that the organization is providing lot of services to the society. Marketing Plan Cancer Research United Kingdom collects donations from people and uses the money for fighting the disease of cancer. it is not easy to make people donate for cancer research. Further the organization has to use this money with care and intelligently. The enterprise needs a marketing plan to make its activities a success. Marketing refers to the process of identifying demand for a product and then fulfilling that demand in the best possible way. The process of marketing involves taking decisions regarding seven Ps which represent product, price, place, promotion, people, processes and physical evidence. These seven Ps are the constituents of what is called the marketing mix (Baker and Saren, 2010). Marketing plan involves deciding in advance about the marketing activities of the firm. Further the organization needs to decide which particular segments or sections of the society it will be targeting to sell its services. Services offered In the case of Cancer Research United Kingdom, the enterprise is trying to fight cancer. There are different types of cancer. There are children suffering from this disease. In the case of adults it is lung cancer, skin cancer and also breast cancer in many cases. The organization has to decide how much funds and people it wants to devote to find a medicine that cures the people of cancer. The amounts of funds available for research with the enterprise are limited. It has to distribute the funds available between the different types of cancer ailments that affect the people. It has to take decisions regarding the kind of services it wants to concentrate on (Akkerman, Meer and Donk, 2010). The organization would decide to focus on finding medicine for curing the type of cancer that affects the largest proportion of people in the country. Further the enterprise is more concerned about curing children who suffer from cancer. There is money needed for buying equipment for the laboratorie s. There are different constraints which the organization has to cope with in deciding about the services it offers. Competitive Advantages The people who work for Cancer Research United Kingdom are its greatest strength. There is a large network of volunteers who promote the interests of the enterprise by collecting funds for its activities. These people are dedicated to the cause of finding cure for cancer. These people are the unique resources of the company from which it derives its main competitive advantage.They are mostly young and active members of the society who have built relations with people who want to donate for supporting cancer research. The top management of the organization, using its experience has been able to act as a guiding force for these volunteers. Modern systems have been put in place to achieve the objectives of the enterprise. Revenues And Market Segmentation The main source of revenues for Cancer Research United Kingdom is the donations from people. There are people who are interested in contributing in the fight against cancer. They do so by offering their monetary support. In many cases they also give away material goods for charity. There are also people who volunteer to work free of cost for the cause. The enterprise has to ask for contributions from the different sections of the society. There are people with low incomes, medium and high incomes. People are asked for donations keeping in mind the income group they belong to (Paco and Raposo, 2010). The organization would ask for big donations from wealthy people. On the other hand people earning less should be provided the facility for donating lesser amounts (Cahill, 2012). So, the amount that the enterprise is able to gather varies from person to person. Some people are willing to contribute more due to their beliefs (Hoyer, Maclnis, and Pieters, 2013). Further, the organization c an focus on women to contribute for research activities for finding better medicine for treating breast cancer. Place Mix Cancer Research United Kingdom has set up research facilities at different places for finding medicines for curing cancer. The organization is involved in creating awareness about cancer. it associates itself with special sporting events to distribute information to people through its volunteers. The company should take the services of doctors and counselors for advising people on how to cope with cancer. Such camps should be organized at regular intervals by the enterprise. Adequate publicity for such events should be done (Shimp and Andrews, 2013). All such social gatherings are the meeting points for the organization and the common people of the country. Further, the employees and volunteers of this organization should hold meetings in school and colleges where the students can be informed about the harmful effects of smoking and alcohol on our bodies. The serious implications of a disease like cancer have to be explained to them. The decisions relating to the location or points o f contact come under the place mix component of the marketing mix (Ferrell and Hartline, 2013). Promotional and Awareness Activities The organization can associate itself with programs on television and radio, where doctors make people aware about the symptoms, diagnosis and cure of cancer. There are people who have to suffer from psychological effects of this disease. There are changes in their bodies like loss of hair which they have to cope with. The counselors can give advice to people on such issues. Cancer Research United Kingdom can use the different forms of media to create awareness about the disease (Greer and Ferguson, 2011). Further it can give information regarding its efforts to fight the disease. The achievements of the organization in finding new and more effective drugs to cure cancer can be published in magazines and newspapers. The information regarding the management of the enterprise, its vision and its goals should also be made known to the people so that a positive image of the organization is created in the minds of people (Lehman and Dufrene, 2011). In case any major discovery is made by the scientists of the organization, which helps to fight cancer, a press conference should be held to make the media and other people aware of the development. The news regarding the continuing efforts of the enterprise to find an advanced cure for cancer should be distributed through articles in newspapers and magazines. The organization should take the initiative in building good relations with the media also (Zimmerman and Blythe, 2013). The communication regarding the work of the organization in the print media should be made in good language, free of any spelling and grammatical mistakes. In case of verbal communication, words should be spoken in clear and audible voice (Krizan et al., 2011). All these efforts form part of the promotional activities of the enterprise. People It is believed by many that people are the most important resource in an organization. An enterprise with lesser amount of funds can make more revenues if the firm has a management which is efficient and innovative (Mathis, Jackson and Valentine, 2016). Cancer Research United Kingdom collects funds from people to finance its research activities and awareness programs. The employees and volunteers of the organization should be good communicators and also capable organizers of social gatherings where people are informed about cancer. If the scientists in the enterprise are well educated and experienced, they will have better chance of making new, valuable discoveries. Further the top management should have the capacity to provide direction to the efforts of the employees. People with knowledge of accounting are needed for efficient management of funds. It is to be understood that people are one of the important constituents of marketing mix. Processes and Systems The kinds of processes that exist in an organization also affect its ability to achieve its goals. In Cancer Research United Kingdom, research activities are carried out. The process for acquiring equipment and materials should be transparent and fair. The process for collecting donations also has to be professionally managed. The organization has to be courteous and more caring for people who make big donations to the cause of fighting cancer. The organization should make it convenient for people to donate through its systems and processes. The processes have to be simple to understand and should take lesser time to complete (Gronroos, 2011). Physical Evidence Cancer Research United Kingdom should associate itself with events which are professionally managed. It should give information regarding its activities in reputed newspapers and magazines (Zimmerman and Blythe, 2013). The offices and research facilities run by the organization should be clean, spacious and well organized. It must employ educated and well mannered people. Physical evidence of an organizations existence should be impressive. Marketing Control Cancer Research United Kingdom is run by using funds collected from people. The enterprise should use these funds with a sense of responsibility. In order to make people aware of its activities, the firm has to carry out many marketing activities. There is publicity material like pamphlets which have to be published and distributed. The organization needs to have a marketing staff which is involved in writing information which is to be provided to people regarding the activities of the institution. The organization also has people handling public relations. All these people have to be paid salaries. They have to be made accountable for the work they are doing (Ferrell and Hartline, 2013). Their efforts should yield good results for the firm. The fact that the organization gets funds from people free of cost in the form of donations does not mean that it can waste money. There are common people who keep themselves informed regarding the activities of the organization. Cancer Research United Kingdom should make budgets to keep control over its marketing expenses. Further the firm can carry out a survey to find out how many people know about the organization and its work. The firm gets a fair idea about the effectiveness of its marketing campaigns through the amount of collections it is able to make each year from people. A record of collections from different areas is kept. The enterprise can lay down personal targets to be achieved for its employees and volunteers (Ahearne et al., 2010). If the performances fall short of expectations, remedial action can be taken. The progress in research activities of the enterprise is also recorded. It is seen if new, less expensive and more effective medicine is found for curing cancer. The expenses incurred in the laboratories are also recorded. A proper system of accounting is put in place. Story Board Promotional mix consists of different ways of promoting products like advertising, publicity, personal selling and sales promotion. An enterprise can use one or more methods of promotion. Similarly Cancer Research United Kingdom can use advertising and publicity to further its interests (Baker and Saren, 2010). The enterprise has to create awareness regarding cancer. It has the support of volunteers, people who work for the organization without taking any money as compensation. Further, the organization is associated with certain social events. The volunteers can distribute brochures among people who come to attend these events. These brochures would carry information regarding cancer and the appeal to donate for the cause. Pull theory of promotional mix is applicable in this case. As people come to know about cancer and related issues through the brochure, they get inclined to support the cause. People are pulled towards the Cancer Research United Kingdom through the promotional material. The particular choice of brochure is made because the people who get the brochure can show it to their family and friends. It can be read again and again. There is ample time to read it. It is also very easy to carry. The cost of brochure is not high. On the other hand other methods of promotion like advertising on televisions and magazines can be more expensive. More information can be given in a brochure. It is preferred by people who like to read. The employees of the organization can use their knowledge to write the contents of the brochure (Lehman and Dufrene, 2011). There are doctors and scientists who are willing to lend their services free of cost. Information can be collected from them and included in the brochure. In case of making an advertisement for television, the services of an advertising agency need to be taken, which can be expensive proposition. Moreover, in case of distribution of brochures the marketing efforts can be concentrated on a smaller group of people who are expected to donate for the cause. The sample of a brochure is as follows- Help Us Fight Cancer Why cancer? Cancer is a disease that kills thousands of people every year all over the world. In United Kingdom, many children along with adults die of cancer. The disease is difficult to cure and scientists are engaged in finding an effective cure for the disease when it is in the advanced stage. More money is desperately needed for cancer research. Causes Cancer is caused due to consumption of alcohol, smoking, obesity and other factors which are still under research. What is cancer? Cancer occurs when cells in a human body start behaving in a different unnatural way. The tissues become contaminated and the disease spreads rapidly in the body. Symptoms There is a lump formed due to abnormal growth of tissue. There is pain in the throat and symptoms like that of common cold persist. In the case of breast cancer there is concentration of body tissue. This can be found by self examination. Why us? Cancer Research United Kingdom is one of the leading charitable organizations promoting research to find a cure for cancer. We have been doing good work in this field for last ten years. Ours is a professional organization run by a group of well educated and talented people. You can send your contributions to us by bank drafts at the address given below: 10th street, London, United Kingdom. Conclusion There are many organizations in the world that collect donations from people and use the money for causes like prevention and cure of cancer. These enterprises have earned faith and respect of people through their work. These organizations have achieved their success also largely due to their marketing efforts (Morgan, 2012). Although these organizations are not profit oriented, they are run like modern business enterprises. Efforts are made by them to achieve operational efficiency and employ talented people to work for them. In many cases they have a separate marketing department which takes steps to highlight their achievements in public. It is not just about doing good work but making people aware of it. The reputation of the organization enables it to attract funding from people. References Ahearne, M. , Rapp, A. , Hughes, E. and Jindal, R. (2010) Managing Sales Force Product Perceptions And Control Systems In The Success Of New Product Introductions, Journal Of Marketing Research, 47(4), pp. 764-776, [online]. Available at: https://journals.ama.org/doi/abs/10.1509/jmkr.47.4.764 (Accessed 31 March 2016). Akkerman, R. , Meer, D. and Donk, D. (2010) Make To Stock And Mix To Order: Choosing Intermediate Products In The Food Processing Industry, International Journal Of Production Research, 48(12), pp. 3475-3492, [online]. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207540902810569#.VvuZ19J97Dc (Accessed: 30 March 2016). Baker, M. and Saren, M. (2010). Marketing Theory A Student Text. 2nd (edn.) SAGE, United Kingdom. Cahill, D. , (2012). Lifestyle Market Segmentation. Routledge Taylor And Francis Group, United States Of America. Cancer Research UK, (2016) About Cancer, Cancer Research UK, [online]. Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/ (Accessed: 31 March 2016). Ferrell, O. and Hartline, M. (2013). Marketing Strategy: Text And Cases. 6th (edn.) South Western Cengage Learning, United Kingdom. Greer, C. and Ferguson, D. (2011) Using Twitter For Promotion And Branding: A Content Analysis Of Local Television Twitter Sites, Journal Of Broadcasting And Electronic Media, 55(2), pp. 198-214, [online]. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08838151.2011.570824#.VvuUfNJ97Dc (Accessed: 30 March 2016). Gronroos, C. (2011) A Service Perspective On Business Relationships: The Value Creation , Interaction And Marketing Interface, Industrial Marketing Management, 40(2), pp. 240-247, [online]. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019850110001197 (Accessed: 31 March 2016). Hoyer, W. , Maclnnis, D. and Pieters, R. (2013). Consumer Behaviour. 6th (edn.) South Western Cengage Learning, United States Of America. Krizan, A. , Merrier, P. , Logan, J. and Williams, K. (2011). Business Communication. 8th (edn.) South Western Cengage Learning, United States Of America. Lehman, C. and Dufrene, D. (2011). Business Communication. 16th (edn.) South Western Cengage Learning, United States Of America. Mathis, R. , Jackson, J. and Valentine, S. (2016). Human Resource Management: Essential Perspectives. 7th (edn.) Cengage Learning, United Kingdom. Morgan, N. (2012) Marketing And Business performance, Journal Of The Academy Of Marketing Science, 40(1), pp. 102-119, [online]. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11747-011-0279-9 (Accessed: 31 March 2016). Paco, A. and Raposo, M. (2010) Green Consumer Market Segmentation: Empirical Findings From Portugal, International Journal Of Consumer Studies, 34(4), pp. 429-436, [online]. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2010.00869.x/abstract;jsessionid=7B45EB6CB856C233F8230029682BCAE0.f03t02?userIsAuthenticated=falsedeniedAccessCustomisedMessage= (Accessed: 30 March 2016) Shimp, T. and Andrews, J. (2013). Advertising, Promotion And Other Aspects Of Integrated Marketing Communications. 9th (edn.) South Western Cengage Learning, United Kingdom. Zimmerman, A. and Blythe, J. (2013). Business To Business Marketing Management: A Global Perspective. 2nd (edn.) Routledge Taylor And Francis Group, United Kingdom.

Fictive Motion in Classical Chinese Poetry Essay Example For Students

Fictive Motion in Classical Chinese Poetry Essay In cognitive linguistic, fictive motion refers to the description of castles that do not really exist. In ancient Chinese literature, expressions such as ( ) and ( ) may well be a typical illustration of fictive motion. Others like fin -unlatch and are examples in classical Chinese poetry. Given the particular form of the latter, it is assumed that fictive motion has Its own way of exhibiting itself in this specific genre. With a collection of fictive motion sentences In Chinese verses and a detailed analysis, this paper attempts to discover the feature of fictive motion and the way by which it is construed in classical Chinese poetry. Key words: fictive motion; classical Chinese poetry; path; preposition Introduction Fictive motion is a linguistic term proposed by Leonard Tally, who explains that languages systematically and extensively refer to stationary circumstances with forms and constructions whose basic reference Is to motion (Tally, 2000: 104). For instance in the sentence The river runs all the way down to the mountain, it describes the location of the stationary river but evokes the conception that the river eves toward the mountain. In a study of fictive motion in Chinese language, it has been pointed out that this linguistic phenomenon is more frequently seen in prose, novels and poems (Gao Song, 2010). It is easily understood because such literature forms might need to resort to victory manifest a novel conception. This paper Is an attempt of analyzing the phenomenon of velvet motion In classical Chinese poetry. In the next part, some previous work done on this field is introduced as the lead of the paper. From the third part on, the research of this paper will be elaborated at great length. Section 3 shows the fictive motion couplets collected from a large amount of Chinese poems. Section 4 will account for how fictive motion is formed in this particular circumstance. The conclusions will be drawn In the last part, falling the results of the research. Literature review Ever since Leonard Tally introduces the term of fictive motion, much follow-up work has been done to investigate this special phenomenon. Subsequently, Teenier Mattock raised the question of whether people will mentally simulate motion when trying to understand fictive motion sentences. In his paper, four experiments were inducted in search of the answer. He concluded that people simulate motion or visual scanning while trying to understand fictive motion (Mattock. 2004: 1396). Likewise, Line Brandt devoted to analyze what part human subjectively plays In the course of construing fictive motion described. Subjectivity phenomena, as termed by Brandt, is probably a spontaneous, effortless engagement of virtual cognition in meaning construction (Brandt, 2009: 599). For the consideration of how fictive motion sentences are formed, Karl Real et al. (2009) carried out two in situ experiments to collect the verbal descriptions of route choices. Twenty participants mechanics of motion descriptions. In the same year, another article studies the conception of axis and direction of motion implied in 299 English verbs, all collected from native British English speakers. A set of norms were employed in their study, the result of which validated the ability of these norms of capturing the motion content of individual verbs (Mattered Voicing, 2009). There are also researches of fictive motion in languages other than English. Ana Roll and Xavier Valuable (2003) studied the differences in the expression of fictive motion between English and Spanish. Their study was based on the results of two previous researches. One is about the differences in the expression of motion in the two languages and the other the similarities and differences for English and Japanese. Besides, another paper analyzed the rhetoric forms constructed by fictive motions in Chinese language. It discovers that rhetoric forms presented in this way include metaphor, simile, personification, kinesthesia, and exaggeration, etc. (Gao Song, 2010: 10). Moreover, another investigation was made on the fictive motion of range extension path particularly. Based on Tallys theory on motion event, this paper analyzes the linguistic characteristics of Chinese fictive motion from the aspect of frame, background, motion pattern, motion path, etc. It claims that in Chinese, in cases where such verbs as alai and quo appear to indicate the tendency of move, prepositions are also necessary to point out the direction (Lie, 2011: 35). Fan An (2011: 23) analyzed the path condition and manner condition of fictive motion in Chinese literary works. Her work showed that path condition is applicable to Chinese fictive motion expressions while manner condition is not. These are the studies made on fictive motion as of now. It is obvious that there is room for further study on a particular genre. Inspired by this idea, this paper will concentrate the research on classical Chinese poetry alone. The questions to be inquired are as follow: 1) How is fictive motion of different categories exhibit itself in classical Chinese poetry? ) How is fictive motion formed in this certain field? What are its characteristics? 3) How are the categories of fictive motion discovered by Tally applied to classical Chinese poetry? The study starts with collecting poetic couplets of different disagrees of fictive motion. The selected couplets will be analyzed with the consideration of the special characteristics of classical Chinese poetry. Fin ally, the efforts will be made with the attempt to make generalizations concerning the research questions shown above. With classical Chinese poetry as the particular material, this paper is bound to serve as a prelude of further study into a new classification for fictive motion in this genre scope. Collection of Fictive Motion in Classical Chinese Poetry Tally classifies fictive motion into several categories, respectively emanation, pattern paths, frame-relative motion, advent paths, access paths, and extension path. For the purpose of analyzing the fictive motion in the genre of classical Chinese poetry, a great amount of poems have been covered to find the couplets in question. In this part, the poetic lines of each of the categories will be discussed one by one. A. Emanation This category is basically the fictive motion of something intangible emerging from paths, radiation paths, shadow paths, and sensory paths. (1) Orientation Paths Generally, this category relates to an invisible entity emitting from an object and each another along a certain path, thus forming the fictive conception of move. (a) Prospect Paths The first subtype of orientation paths can be found in the following couplets. The words exhibiting fictive motion is marked as bold. ) fifeLeigh, ) Couplet (1) describes the moon as a flying mirror towards a red-roof hall. A front face of the moon becomes visible in such a case. Similarly, the high hall in couplet (2) is facing a running stream downward, while in (3) the flower is facing in front of itself a pool. Finally, in couplet (4) and (5), the temple gate is open facing towards the mountain and the moon towards the hill. In all of these s elected lines, the conception of some intangible line or shaft moving from the front of the object is formed to become a fictive motion. B) Demonstrative Paths This type also contains the fictive emergence of a line from an object towards a certain direction, with the effect of guiding or distracting ones attention. 6) -he, In the sixth couplet, the whip is pointing out beyond the wind in the sky. An invisible line is easily outlined in this case as if it was emitted from the point of the whip right toward the high sky. Couplet (7) shows the direction of a road that leads towards a city. In both poems, the direction of the object is described in an activated way. C) Targeting Paths In this type, a linear path is conceived with the description of aiming at a target, for which some action will, be it fictive or not, be taken along this path as the direction.  «tag ») In this selected couplet, the general amid all the weapons is targeting the bow at his enemies. Here the front poin t of the bow is seemingly emitting a line towards the enemies, hence the fictive motion of targeting paths. (d) Line of Sight Sentences of this type may exhibit the visualization of the path of sight as if it was emitted from ones eye all the way toward the object observed. Disabled: The story EssayThe Construction of Fictive Motion in Classical Chinese Poetry In this part, the constructing of fictive motion in classical Chinese poetry will be investigated in three aspects. Firstly, the lexical role in construing fictive motion will be studied, followed by the analysis on the path outlined. Finally, the category of fictive motion in this particular genre will be further checked. A. The Lexical Role in Construing Fictive Motion In all these categories presented by Tally, the role of verbs and prepositions is defined as the key element for forming fictive motion, especially in the emanation tatter. For prospect paths, directional adaptations are Jointly used with verbs to indicate the path (2000: 108), such as face, look out. The orientation of an object in the type of demonstrative paths directs ones attention along the path specified by the preposition (ibid: 109). The line of sight is conceived as following a particular path defined by the path preposition (ibid: 110). In a radiation path, the linguistic construction mainly involves the choices of subject, of path-specifying preposition, and of prepositional object (ibid: 112). Moreover, the shadow path in a sentence is established with a motion verb like throw, cast, project, or fall, and a path preposition such as into, onto, across, or against (ibid: 114). Despite the absolute importance of the co-occurrence of verbs and prepositions in English fictive motion, in Chinese poems, however, this is not always the case. As in the selected couplets with a prospect path, only a verb line (16) appears in the line to establish the fictive motion. On the other hand, prepositions alone can affect such a fictive motion as well. As these two lines go, and involve only the preposition dud (Nj) and axing (6). The same analysis is made on all the extracted couplets of orientation paths, radiation paths and shadow paths. The table below exhibits the result. Table 1 Lexical Category construing the paths of fictive motion in classical Chinese poetry I Category I Sub-category Couplets I Lexical Category I I Emanation 1(1) 1(2) I Demonstrative Paths 1(6) (11) Paths I I Shadow Paths I none I Targeting Paths I Line of Sight I V+distance 1(13) 1(14) 1(18) I I Radiation According to this table, of the 19 couplets listed here, only three instances contain both the verb and the preposition. The number of verbs alone indicating the path and that of prepositions is 6 and 5 respectively. Besides, other patterns are also seen here. In and a complement is combined with the verb Wang to trigger the fictive emission of the line of sight. Another case is seen in the line G+, where a distance is added to the verb going to outline a path. Furthermore, RBEg% is the illustration of radiation paths, but no verbs or prepositions are used. The same case is shown in the line AWE-E*+, with the moon (A) as the source, the shadow of flowers (u) as the figure, and the railings (E s the ground. This case might be explained by the features of classical Chinese poetry. Due to the limits of characters of each line, the compact structure of the expression, and the magic idea it has to creates, a verb or a preposition may always be used alone to depict a picture. The feasibility of this practice lies in the fact that Chinese grammar allows a word to bear more than one lexical categories and a sentence to be lacking predicates. This is why the preposition Axing (6) and the adjective did (f) might be regarded as playing the role as verbs in ;E;#spill ND +178-83, and no verb appears in the line BEA-Y?. B. The Paths Construed in the Fictive Motion On the ground of what has been discovered above, the paths construed in classical Chinese poetry manifest themselves in a different fashion. Generally speaking, apart from the subject and the object, a verb may decide which category of fictive motion a sentence belongs to, and a preposition may indicate the direction of the path constructed. Whereas in classical Chinese poetry, the lack of either verbs or prepositions will make the paths of fictive motion more implicit. Take for instance he line Beg%, only the radiator and the radiated appear in this picture, while the radiation is indeed hidden. In GE-Et+, the shadow of flowers climbs as the moon moves, because there must be is a projection of shadow implied in this course. The line has only an adjective did (f?) functioning as a verb to pressing down over the trees. In a word, the paths of fictive motion are usually implied between the lines in classical Chinese poetry, compared with that in English. C. The Categories of Fictive Motion From what has been discussed above, it is noticeable that some categories are not included in the analysis. This section deals with these categories as the main issue. 1) The Category Absent in Classical Chinese Poetry The first issue in this part concerns the alignment paths termed by Tally. In his doctrine an alignment path is construed from the front end of an object along a preposition specified orientation relative to a more distant object. The illustration of this category used by Tally is: The snake is lying toward/away from the light. It is contended by Tally that in this expression, the snakes body forms an approximately straight line that is aligned with the light (Tally, 2000: 108). In spite of the validity of this understanding in English, at least in its according Chinese version, I. . None of such conception of alignment is evoked. The reason for this might be the difference of mental cognition between English and Chinese speakers, but no matter what accounts for the result, such category of fictive motion is hardly seen in Chinese poems. (2) New Category Emerging in Classical Chinese Poetry The special features of classical Chinese poetry bring about the appearance of a new category of fictive motion, shown in the following three examples. 40) ( 41) ) (n  «x;j-j » ) In the first couplet above, the willows are borrowing green color from the water. In couplet (41), on pink apricot branches spring is running wild (translated by Xx, 2006). In both expressions, the stationary objects are personalized and equipped with the ability to move. However in couplet (42), the object is a formless one, I. E. The wrench and regret. Here it is described as possessing a certain shape with the verb IQ (W)). The visualization of psychological state is one of cases of kinesthesia. As a rhetorical device, kinesthesia refers to the mixing of sensations or the stimulation f one sense (or modality) that produces a mental impression associated with a different sense (Ghana, 2005: 191). Conclusion In this paper, the fictive motion is specifically investigated in the genre of classical Chinese poetry based on the categories proposed by Tally. A large amount of poems is covered in this research to find the illustrations of each category. The fictive motion in each selected couplet is explained in detail. Given the unique features of classical Chinese poetry, I. E. The compaction of words used, the way of constructing such fictive motion is analyzed and generalized. Firstly, by contrast with fictive motion in English, that in classical Chinese poetry is not necessarily construed by the combination of verb and preposition. Other form such as the coexistence of verb and complement is also seen. Besides, in some cases no verb or preposition appears in a sentence of fictive motion. Furthermore, due to the lack of verb or preposition or both, the path of fictive motion is always implicit. Sometimes a mere subject and an object are symbolizing a fictive motion, or the radiated and the radiator alone is indicating an intangible path. And above all, as frequent rhetorical devices in also trigger the conceptualization of fictive motion.

AidsCause and Effect essays

AidsCause and Effect essays In 1981, a new fatal, infectious disease was diagnosedAIDS (Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome). It began in major cities, such as New York, Los Angeles, Miami, and San Francisco. People, mostly homosexual men and intravenous drug users, were dying from very rare lung infections or from a cancer known as Kaposis sarcoma. They have not seen people getting these diseases in numerous years. Soon, it also affected hemophiliacs, blood recipients, prostitutes and their customers, and babies born from AIDS-infected women. AIDS was soon recognized as a worldwide health emergency, and as a fatal disease with no known cure, that quickly became an epidemic. When high-profile victims began to contract the virus, such as basketball star Magic Johnson, the feeling spread quickly that anyone, not just particular groups of people, could be at risk. AIDS impairs the human bodys immune system and leaves the victim susceptible to various infections. With new research, scientists think that the disease was first contracted through a certain type of green monkey in Africa, then somehow mutated into a virus that a human could get. AIDS is a complicated illness that may involve several phases. It is caused by a virus that can be passed from person to person. This virus is called HIV, or Human Immuno-deficiency Virus. In order for HIV to become full-blown AIDS, your T-cell count (number of a special type of white-blood cells that fight off diseases) has to drop below 200, or you have to get one of the symptoms of an AIDS-induced infection. Most people recently infected by the AIDS virus look and feel healthy. They may not show symptoms for several years, but the condition is eventually fatal. Even though one might not know that they have this deathly disease, and remain apparently healthy, they can still pass it along to others, and they then pass it on to others, etc, until an abundant amount of people are infected. Sym...

The Collapse of Gupta India

The Collapse of Gupta India The Gupta Empire may have lasted only about 230 years, but it was characterized by a sophisticated culture with innovative advances in literature, arts, and sciences. Its influence continues to be felt in art, dance, mathematics, and many other fields today, not just in India but across Asia and around the world. Called Indias Golden Age by most scholars, the Gupta Empire was likely founded by a member of a lower Hindu caste called Sri Gupta. He came from the Vaishya or farmer caste and founded the new dynasty in reaction to abuses by previous princely rulers. The Gupta were ardent Vaishnavas, devotees of Vishnu and they ruled as traditional Hindu monarchs. Advances of the Golden Age of Classical India During this Golden Age, India was part of an international trade network which also included other great classical empires of the day, the Han Dynasty in China to the east and the Roman Empire to the west. The famed Chinese pilgrim to India, Fa Hsien (Faxien) noted that Gupta law was exceptionally generous; crimes were punished only with fines. The rulers sponsored advances in science, painting, textiles, architecture, and literature. Gupta artists created marvelous sculptures and paintings, perhaps including the Ajanta caves. The surviving architecture includes palaces and purpose-built temples for both Hindu and Buddhist religions, such as the Parvati Temple at Nachana Kuthara and the Dashavatara Temple at Deogarh in Madhya Pradesh. New forms of music and dance, some of which are still performed today, flourished under Gupta patronage. The emperors also founded free hospitals for their citizens, as well as monasteries and universities. The classical Sanskrit language reached its apogee during this period as well, with poets such as Kalidasa and Dandi. The ancient texts of the Mahabharata and Ramayana were converted into sacred texts and the Vau and Matsya Puranas were composed. Scientific and mathematical advances include the invention of the number zero, Aryabhatas astonishingly accurate calculation of pi as 3.1416, and his equally amazing calculation that the solar year is 365.358 days long. Establishing the Gupta Dynasty In about 320 CE, the chief of a small kingdom called Magadha in southeastern India set out to conquer the neighboring kingdoms of Prayaga and Saketa. He used a combination of military might and marriage alliances to expand his kingdom into an empire. His name was Chandragupta I and through his conquests he formed the Gupta Empire. Many scholars believe that Chandraguptas family was from the Vaishya caste, which was the third tier out of four in the traditional Hindu caste system. If so, this was a major departure from Hindu tradition, in which the Brahmin priestly caste and the Kshatriya warrior/princely class generally held religious and secular power over the lower castes. In any case, Chandragupta rose from relative obscurity to reunite much of the Indian subcontinent, which had fragmented five centuries earlier after the fall of the Mauryan Empire in 185 BCE. Rulers of the Gupta Dynasty Chandraguptas son, Samudragupta (ruled 335–380 CE), was a brilliant warrior and statesman, sometimes called the Napoleon of India. Samudragupta, however, never faced a Waterloo, and was able to pass on a greatly expanded Gupta Empire to his sons. He extended the empire to the Deccan Plateau in the south, Punjab in the north, and Assam in the east. Samudragupta also was a talented poet and musician. His successor was Ramagupta, an ineffectual ruler, who was soon deposed and assassinated by his brother, Chandragupta II. Chandragupta II (r. 380–415 CE) expanded the empire still further, to its greatest extent. He conquered much of Gujarat in western India. Like his grandfather, Chandragupta II also used marriage alliances to expand the empire, marrying into control of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, and adding the rich provinces of Punjab, Malwa, Rajputana, Saurashtra, and Gujarat. The city of Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh became a second capital for the Gupta Empire, which was based at Pataliputra in the north. Kumaragupta I succeeded his father in 415 and ruled for 40 years. His son, Skandagupta (r. 455–467 CE), is considered the last of the great Gupta rulers. During his reign, the Gupta Empire first faced incursions by the Huns, who would eventually bring down the empire. After him, lesser emperors, including Narasimha Gupta, Kumaragupta II, Buddhagupta, and Vishnugupta, ruled over the decline of the Gupta Empire. Although the late Gupta ruler Narasimhagupta managed to drive the Huns out of northern India in 528 CE, the effort and expense doomed the dynasty. The last recognized emperor of the Gupta Empire was Vishnugupta, who ruled from about 540 until the empire collapsed around 550 CE. Decline and Fall of the Gupta Empire As with the collapses of other classical political systems, the Gupta Empire crumbled under both internal and external pressures. Internally, the Gupta Dynasty grew weak from a number of succession disputes. As the emperors lost power, regional lords gained increasing autonomy. In a sprawling empire with weak leadership, it was easy for rebellions in Gujarat or Bengal to break out, and difficult for the Gupta emperors to put such uprisings down. By 500 CE, many regional princes were declaring their independence and refusing to pay taxes to the central Gupta state. These included the Maukhari Dynasty, who ruled over Uttar Pradesh and Magadha. By the later Gupta era, the government was having trouble collecting enough taxes to fund both its hugely complex bureaucracy and constant wars against foreign invaders like the Pushyamitras and the Huns. In part, this was due to the common peoples dislike of the meddlesome and unwieldy bureaucracy. Even those who felt a personal loyalty to the Gupta Emperor generally disliked his government and were happy to avoid paying for it if they could. Another factor, of course, was the near-constant rebellions among different provinces of the empire. Invasions In addition to internal disputes, the Gupta Empire faced constant threats of invasion from the north. The cost of fighting off these invasions drained the Gupta treasury, and the government had difficulty refilling the coffers. Among the most troublesome of the invaders were the White Huns (or Hunas), who conquered much of the northwestern section of Gupta territory by 500 CE. The Huns initial raids into India were led by a man who is called Toramana or Toraraya in Gupta records; these documents show that his troops began to pick off feudatory states from the Gupta domains around the year 500. In 510 CE, Toramana swooped down into central India and inflicted a decisive defeat at Eran on the Ganges river. The End of the Dynasty The records indicate that Toramanas reputation was strong enough that some princes voluntarily submitted to his rule. However, the records do not specify why the princes submitted: whether it was because he had a reputation as a great military strategist, was a blood-thirsty tyrant, was a better ruler than the Gupta alternatives, or something else. Eventually, this branch of the Huns adopted Hinduism and was assimilated into Indian society. Although none of the invading groups managed to completely overrun the Gupta Empire, the financial hardship of the battles helped hasten the end of the dynasty. Almost unbelievably, the Huns, or their direct ancestors the Xiongnu, had the same effect on two of the other great classical civilizations in earlier centuries: Han China, which collapsed in 221 CE and the Roman Empire, which fell in 476 CE. Sources Agrawal, Ashvini. Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1989. Chaurasia, Radhey Sham. History of Ancient India. Atlantic Publishers, 2002.Dwivedi, Gautam N. The Western Limits of the Gupta Empire. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 34, 1973, pp. 76-79.Goyal, Shankar. Historiography of the Imperial Guptas: Old and New. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 77.1/4, 1996, pp. 1–33.Mookerji, Radhakumud. The Gupta Empire. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1989.Prakash, Budha. Last Days of the Gupta Empire. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 27.1/2, 1946, pp. 124-41. Vajpeyi, Raghavendra. A Critique of the Huna Invasion Theory. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 39, 1978, pp. 62-66.

Pricing and Distribution Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pricing and Distribution Strategy - Essay Example Conceptually the Ad’s must be considered the benchmark for any successful product campaign as the Apple iPhone has defined the smart phone market in the United States for the better part of a decade. No carrier or manufacturer had ever managed to expose any vulnerability in Apple’s iPhone and its advertising strategy, until Micromax teamed up with Android OS to produce an â€Å"iPhone killer† advertisement. Introduction: â€Å"You don’t buy a smartphone, you buy an iPhone.† This is the Apple mantra; it is the capstone of their entire advertising and marketing campaign. Apple isn’t content with being a leader in sales alone; they want to own the market. The iPhone wasn’t the first phone, but they engineered it to be so unique that you couldn’t help but think it was. Apple introduced a concept of innovating ergonomics that could be marketed in simple dynamic visual ads that affected consumer perceptions of their products, and ulti mately allowed Apple to dominate the entire smart phone market segment. Such was the state of the smart phone universe until October 2011. The iPhone 4S was unveiled at Apple's "Let's Talk iPhone" event on October 4, 2011, on the Apple Campus in Cupertino, California.( Chaffin, 2011) With the usual pomp and circumstance Apple rolled out its standard new product campaign in a typically â€Å"Apple fashion†.( Chaffin, 2011) As iPhone 4s sales commenced on October 7, 2011 Apple prepped a One Half page Top Fold Advertisement to run in the USA Today on Sunday October 9, 2011. Following the Apple print ad Micromax and Android OS rolled out a Full Page print ad in the exact ad space within the USA Today on Sunday October 16, 2011. These two ads are the focus of this paper and represent the proverbial yen and yang of the battle between Apple and its competitors for the smart phone universe. While Apple’s ad followed its dynamic marketing strategy, the Micromax and Android Adve rtisement exposed a hugely successful tactic that could be deployed to counter the iPhones dominance in the market. II.The Advertisements Comparison/Contrast: The Apple â€Å"Fasten Your Seatbelt† Print Ad from October 9, 2011: The Apple iPhone 4s Advertisement follows a traditional â€Å"Apple† philosophy: It’s not so much the marketing angle that matters as it is the way that people identify with that angle. The Ad itself is a clean Picture-Window Layout featuring the sleek sexy iPhone as the center feature of the Ad. The theme, copy brilliance and wit of the Ad are more important than layout. Apple takes the basic ideas of Doyle Bernibach and enhances them around the architecture (Beasley, 2002) of the iPhone as a product. The simplicity and execution of the Ad creates a contextualization of the product for the consumer (Beasley, 2002), it successfully builds upon the aura of the iPhone and Apple with a â€Å"New† and â€Å"Faster† sales hook th at captures consumer’s attention and presents a clear call to action that motivates current iPhone and Smart phone owners to upgrade to the iPhone 4s. The Micromax and Android OS â€Å"I CAN’T† Counter Ad from October 16, 2011. The Micromax Advertisement is a variation on the frame layout in which kidney-shaped copy is spread over a large portion of the layout, creating a cul-de-sac of white in which the headline and product are placed. (Altstiel, 2005) The Copy type is reversed in non-patterned or plain-toned areas to allow the consumer to first focus on the headline, then